It may also be the original location of the DarringtonDevils Mountain Fault (the dashed line "X" at the top of the following map). Glacially deposited and shaped fill covers most of the lower elevations of Puget Sound. The Little River Fault (see the QFFDB, Fault 556) is representative of an extensive zone of faults along the north side of the Olympic Peninsula and in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (likely connected with the fault systems at the south end of Vancouver Island, see fault database map), but these lie west of the crustal blocks that underlie the Puget Lowland, and again their possible impact on the Puget Sound region is unknown. [29] This prospect is especially intriguing as a possible explanation of a cluster of seismic events around 1100 years ago.[30]. 4 earthquakes in the past 30 days. South of Monroe the folds of the Rogers Belt are obscured by subsequent volcanic formations, but other faults parallel to the RMFZ (e.g., the Snoqualmie Valley and Johnson's Swamp fault zones) extend the general trend of NNW faulting as far as Monroe. The apparent gap north of Riffe Lake is possibly due to obscuration by volcanic deposits of the Northcraft Formation. What makes the DotySalzer Fault (and the short Chehalis Fault striking due east from Chehalis) stand out from the many other faults south of Tacoma is its eastwest strike; the significance of this is not known. [130] This is likely not coincidental, as it appears that the Tacoma and Seattle faults converge at depth (see diagram above) in a way that northsouth compression tends to force the Seattle Uplift up, resulting in dip-slip movement on both fault zones. [145] This is conformable with some regional tectonic interpretations[146] that put a major terrane boundary between the Olympics and the Puget Lowland, and imply a connection (either via the Discovery Bay Fault, or closer to Port Townsend) to the various faults in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. [2] All this is at risk of earthquakes from three sources:[3]. Next to a 4-6 lines highways with 90db noise and cancerous pollution. That wave is quite severe, quite high. [126], An emerging view is that the Dewatto fault marks the western edge of the relatively rigid Seattle Uplift (see map). News Media at VA Puget Sound health care, 206-764-2435, 206-764-2317. [27] This "basement" rock is covered with sedimentary deposits similar to the Chuckanut Formation, and more recent (typically Miocene) volcanic deposits. This boundary would be the contact where northward movement of the basement rock of the Puget Lowland against the Olympic Peninsula is accommodated; it would be expected to be a significant seismological zone. [68] Both of these faults (and some others) appear to terminate against the left-lateral Sultan River Fault at the western margin of the NNE-striking Cherry Creek Fault Zone (CCFZ; see next section). The alternative, that younger faulting in the Rogers Belt has offset the DMF Cheney argued that the MVF had offset the DMF 47km. [155] North of the Seattle Fault accommodation of regional movement may be along the northwest-striking Dabob Bay Fault Zone. Fault lines in the New Madrid seismic zone are being mapped, thanks in part to . [37] Trenching on the UPF (at a scarp identified by LIDAR) shows at least one and probably two Holocene earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 or more, the most recent one between AD 1550 to 1850, and possibly triggered by the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. ), and headed for the definitely active Saint Helens Zone; this appears to be a large-scale structure. Document name Date Description Additional versions; 2809: 4/1/2021: . [122] This trend extends further north where the Pleasant Harbor lineament appears to terminate other westward extensions of the SFZ. [56] But detailed mapping just past the intersection shows only a complex and confused pattern of faulting, with no indication that there is, or is not, through-going faulting. (A tsunami generated by a quake on the offshore Cascadia Subduction Zone would be . The Devils Mountain Fault separates two similar but distinctive ensembles of Mesozoic (pre-Tertiary, before the dinosaurs died) or older rock. See Snavely et al. The Straight Creek Fault is a major structure in the North Cascades, but has not been active for over 30 million years. Following a mega quake on the Cascadia fault, simulations show that the tiny town of La Push would get hit first by a tsunami, 10 minutes after shaking started. [170] Gower, Yount & Crosson (1985), labelling it "structure L", mapped it from Shelton (near the Olympic foothills) southeast to Olympia (pretty nearly right under the state Legislature), directly under the town of Rainier, to a point due east of the Doty Fault, and apparently marking the northeastern limit of a band of southeast striking faults in the Centralia-Chehalis area. [221] Where it might run south of Seattle is not known; an argument has been made that it runs beneath Seattle[222] but this is still conjectural. [187] Such a length would be comparable to the length of the Seattle or Tacoma faults, and capable of an earthquake of M 6.7. [85] The Tokul Creek Fault (TCF) strikes NNE from Snoqualmie, aligned with a possible offset of the Western Melange Belt[86] and with a valley that cuts through to the Skykomish River; it is now believed to be of regional significance. Analyze Instructions: Close. These mlanges may have been off-shore islands or seamounts that were caught between the Olympic terrane and the North American continent, and were pushed up (obducted) onto the latter. Puget Sound Energy transmission line project Energize Eastside. This section of the SWIF forms the southwestern side of the Everett Basin[48] (see map), which is notably aseismic in that essentially no shallow (less than 12km deep) earthquakes have occurred there, or on the section of the SWIF adjoining it, in the first 38 years of instrumental recording. Because the Seattle and Tacoma faults run directly under the biggest concentration of population and development in the region, more damage would be expected, but all the faults reviewed here may be capable of causing severe damage locally, and disrupting the regional transportation infrastructure, including highways, railways, and pipelines. [5] The southern limit nearly matches the southern limit of the glaciation; possibly the seismicity reflects rebound of the upper crust after being stressed by the weight of the glacial ice. This interpretation suggests that the Seattle Uplift acts as a rigid block, and possibly explains the kinematic linkage by which large earthquakes may involve ruptures on multiple faults: the Seattle, Dewatto, and Tacoma faults represent the northern, western, and southern faces of a single block. They are also on-strike with a swarm of faults on the Columbia River, bracketing The Dalles. This seems geologically reasonable, as both the SWIF and RMFZ appear to be the contact between Tertiary Crescent Formation basement of Puget Sound on the west and the older Mesozoic (pre-Tertiary) mlange belt basement rocks under the Cascades on the east.[110]. [180], That Olympia and the south Sound are at risk of major earthquakes is shown by evidence of subsidence at several locations in southern Puget Sound some 1100 years ago. Some upper-crustal formations (such as the Western and Eastern Melange Belts, see, There is a general north or northeast directed compression within the Lowland causing folds, which eventually break to become, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 17:28. A recent (2009) analysis of aeromagnetic data[159] suggests that it extends at least 35km, from the latitude of the Seattle Fault (the Hamma Hamma River) to about 6km south of Lake Cushman. This fault seems to be associated with the Kingston arch anticline, and part of the uplift and basin pattern, but shortened because of the geometry of the SWIF. The University of Puget Sound's Facilities Services Department is hiring an Electrician responsible for the inspection, installation, modification, maintenance and repair of the electrical systems across Puget Sound's beautiful residential campus community located . [89] The northern end of the mountain falls off where it crosses the eastern end of the Seattle Fault, which in turn terminates at the RMFZ; Rattlesnake Mountain forms the eastern edge of the Seattle Uplift. The first item on your list though is the fault of builders and nobody else. This is an important observation because the Strawberry Point, Utsalady Point, Southern Whidbey Island, and various other unnamed faults lying between the DDMFZ and the OWL all of which converge at the western end of the DDMFZ seem to be intermediate versions of the DDMFZ.[34]. The length of the Doty Fault is problematical: the report in 2000 gave it as 65km (40 miles), but without comment or citation. A UW researcher says the fault line that caused earthquake that shook southern Turkey near the Turkish-Syrian border this week and killed more than 7,000 people is similar to the faults under Puget Sound. ), Aeromagnetic mapping in 1999 showed a very prominent anomaly[172] (such as typically indicates a contrast of rock type); that, along with paleoseismological evidence of a major Holocene earthquake, has led to a suggestion that this structure "may be associated with faulting". [11] Marine seismic reflection surveys on Puget Sound where it cuts across the various faults have provided cross-sectional views of the structure of some of these faults, and an intense, wide-area combined on-shore/off-shore study in 1998 (Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound, or SHIPS)[12] resulted in a three-dimensional model of much of the subsurface geometry. [76], The Cherry Creek fault zone (CCFZ) was discovered in 2010 while mapping the area at the north end of the Rattlesnake Mountain fault zone (RMFZ). See. The Seattle Fault was first recognized as a significant seismic hazard in 1992, when a set of reports showed that about 1,100 years ago it was the scene of a major earthquake of about magnitude 7 - an event that entered Native American oral legend. That earthquake, likely between magnitude 7 and 7.5, lifted the southern end of Bainbridge Island and West Seattle more than 20 feet (3 meters), generated a tsunami, and created landslides into Lake Washington, says Bill Steele . [66] This is located on a topographical lineament that aligns with Mount Vernon to the north, and, to the south, the city of Granite Falls and Lake Chaplain (just north of Sultan). The map also shows potentially active faults from a separate 2014 report (click here to download). This is because the Olympic terrane is moving (relative to North America) northeast; its continued clockwise rotation is akin to a giant wheel rolling up the western side of the North Cascade crystalline core. But it does not appear that there have been studies of the deeper structure of these faults, or whether there has been any recent activity. [87], Rattlesnake Mountain is a prominent NNW trending ridge just west of North Bend (about 25 miles east of Seattle). Plot Type: X-Section Depth Cumulative # Mag-Time. The answer is still unresolved. [60] Such seismic hazards were a major issue in the siting of the plant, as it is tucked between two active strands, and the influent and effluent pipelines cross multiple zones of disturbed ground. Full-Time. ), The Coast Range Boundary Fault (CRBF) is hypothesized, expected on the basis of tectonic considerations, which may correlate in part with one or more currently known faults, or may involve as yet undiscovered faulting. [70] Although the intervening section has not been mapped, geologists believe the GFFZ connects with the McMurray FZ to the north, and forms the eastern boundary of the Everett Basin. Large plumes of methane bubbles have been discovered throughout the waters of Puget Sound prompting questions about the Puget Sound food web, studies of earthquake faults and climate-change research. It is uncertain how these faults relate to the structure, and whether they are deep-seated faults, or fractures due to bending of the shallow crust. One problem with this is that the parts of the SWIF east of Puget Sound do not show the velocity contrasts that would indicate contrasting rock types. The Doty fault particularly seems to have gained prominence with geologists since it was associated with an aeromagnetic anomaly,[184] and a report in 2000 credited it capable of a magnitude 6.7 to 7.2 earthquake. And since those models for the Seattle Fault were published, there've actually been many more Puget Sound faults discovered. [120] However, the Saddle Mountain fault zone is not quite reciprocally aligned,[121] trending more northerly to where it encounters westeast trending faults (including the Hamma Hamma fault zone) that appear to be a westward extension of the Seattle Fault zone. About 1,100 years ago, a major earthquake rocked Puget Sound, suddenly shooting what is now Restoration Point on Bainbridge Island up about 23 feet while Seattle 's West Point sunk more than. The Woods Lake Fault, running past Lake Chaplain, corresponds closest to the mapped position of the southern end of Cheney's Mount Vernon Fault. Curiously, the extension of line "B" north of the OWL is approximately the eastern limit of Puget Sound seismicity, the rest of southwestern Washington and the North Cascades being relatively aseismic (see the seismicity map, above). And like the SCF, strike-slip motion died out between 44 and 41 MA (due to plutonic intrusions). On the eastern side, where the SWCC is believed to be in contact with pre-Tertiary terranes accreted to the North American craton, matters are different. Combined with continued aggressive electric conservation efforts, Energize . Offsets in the eastwest oriented Monroe Fault (south side of the Skykomish River), earthquake focal mechanisms, and kinematic indications show that the CCFZ is a left-lateral strike-slip fault, possibly with some oblique motion (up on the eastern side). [127], The Tacoma Fault (at right, and also between lines C and D on the Uplift and basin map, above) just north of the city of Tacoma, Washington has been described as "one of the most striking geophysical anomalies in the Puget Lowland". The Puget Sound Region is crisscrossed by fault lines and zones and also located close to the Cascadia Subduction Zone, where the Juan de Fuca and North American tectonic plates meet. While there is a short zone (not shown) of fainter seismicity near Goat Rocks (an old Pliocene volcano[196]) that may be associated with the contact, the substantially stronger seismicity of the WRZ is associated with the major Carbon RiverSkate Mountain anticline. [192] Indeed, it is mainly by their seismicity that these faults are known and have been located, neither showing any surface faulting. New gravity data provide information [abstract]", "Fault locking, block rotation and crustal deformation in the Pacific Northwest", "The Everett fault: a newly discovered late Quaternary fault in north-central Puget Sound, Washington [abstract]", "Late Holocene earthquakes on the Toe Jam Hill fault, Seattle fault zone, Bainbridge Island, Washington", "Field and laboratory data from an earthquake history study of scarps in the hanging wall of the Tacoma fault, Mason and Pierce Counties, Washington", "Three-dimensional velocity structure of Siletzia and other accreted terranes in the Cascadia forearc of Washington", "Geologic map of the Skokomish Valley and Union 7.5-minute quadrangles, Mason County, Washington", "Supplement to Geologic Maps of the Lilliwaup, Skokomish Valley, and Union 7.5-minute Quadrangles, Mason County, Washington Geologic Setting and Development Around the Great Bend of Hood Canal", "Geologic map of the Hoodsport 7.5-minute quadrangle, Mason County, Washington", "Geologic map of the Brinnon 7.5-minute quadrangle, Jefferson and Kitsap Counties, Washington", "Geologic map of the Seabeck and Poulsbo 7.5-minute quadrangles, Kitsap and Jefferson Counties, Washington", "Evidence for earthquake-induced subsidence ~1100 yr ago in coastal marshes of southern Puget Sound, Washington", 10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1299:EFEISA>2.0.CO;2, "Holocene fault scarps and shallow magnetic anomalies along the Southern Whidbey Island Fault Zone near Woodinville, Washington", "Finding concealed active faults: Extending the southern Whidbey Island fault across the Puget Lowland, Washington", "Holocene fault scarps near Tacoma, Washington, USA", "The Catfish Lake Scarp, Allyn, Washington: Preliminary Field Data and Implications for Earthquake Hazards posed by the Tacoma Fault", "Seismic Amplification within the Seattle Basin, Washington State: Insights from SHIPS Seismic Tomography Experiments", "Tectonics and Conductivity Structures in the Southern Washington Cascades", "Analysis of Deep Seismic Reflection and Other Data From the Southern Washington Cascades", "Tectonics and Seismicity of the Southern Washington Cascade Range", "Subduction zone and crustal dynamics of western Washington: A tectonic model for earthquake hazards evaluation", 10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:lmapet>2.3.co;2, "Geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 60 minute by 30 minute quadrangle, Washington", "Subsurface Geometry and Evolution of the Seattle Fault Zone and the Seattle Basin, Washington", "Rupture models for the A.D. 900930 Seattle fault earthquake from uplifted shorelines", "Stratigraphy of Eocene rocks in a part of King County, Washington", "Geologic map of Washington Southwest Quadrant", "Geologic Map of the East Olympia 7.5-minute Quadrangle, Thurston County, Washington", "Field data for a trench on the Canyon River fault, southeast Olympic Mountains, Washington", "Crustal Extension at Mount St. Helens, Washington", "Final Technical Report: Two Post-Glavial Earthquakes on the Saddle Mountain West Fault, southeastern Olympic Peninsula, Washington", "Earthquake scenario and probabilistic ground shaking maps for the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area", "Bedrock Geologic Map of the Seattle 30' by 60' Quadrangle, Washington", Preliminary Atlas of Active Shallow Tectonic Deformation in the Puget Lowland, Washington (USGS Open-File Report 2010-1149). This is only one of a series of active large crustal faults in the Puget Lowland. 206-296-3830. Western Washington lies over the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Juan de Fuca Plate is subducting towards the east (see diagram, right). Though these faults have been traced for only a little ways, the southeast striking anticlines they are associated with continue as far as Riffe Lake, near Mossyrock. [173] One reason for caution is that a detailed gravity survey was unable to resolve whether the Olympia structure is, or is not, a fault. Black lines show the South Whidbey Island Fault Zone, the Seattle Fault Zone and the Tacoma Fault Zone. Posted: 12 days ago. Page 2 of 4 / 2012-2013 Type of Earthquake Most earthquake hazards result from ground shaking caused by seismic waves that radiate out from a fault when it ruptures. It has been suggested that a corresponding change in the character of the SWIF may reflect a change in the direction of regional crustal strain. This map is useful in showing the location and approximate length of faults but does not provide the impact an earthquake from a fault could have on the area surrounding. These bends are located where they intercept a "subtle geological structure"[202] of "possible fundamental importance",[203] a NNE striking zone (line "A" on the map) of various faults (including the Tokul Creek Fault NNE of Snoqualmie) and early-Miocene (about 24 Ma) volcanic vents and intrusive bodies (plutons and batholiths) extending from Portland to Glacier Peak;[204] it also marks the change in regional fault orientation noted above. Kinematic analysis suggests that if shortening (compression) in the Puget Lowland is directed to the northeast (i.e., parallel to Hood Canal and the Saddle Mountain deformation zone) and thus oblique to the Dewatto lineament, it should be subject to both strike-slip and dip-slip forces, implying a fault. Also intersecting at Mount St. Helens is a NE (045) trending line (red) of Pleistocene (about 4 Ma) plug domes and a topographic lineament (followed in part by Highway 12). [191] How they might be connected is unknown. Please follow the steps below: . slope, need not be high. When the applied stresses become overpowering, the rocks at the fault rupture. [104] Although there is no direct evidence for any major north-striking faults under Seattle, this prospect appears to be endorsed by the geological community.[105]. 1 - 10 of 77 American Spirit Cruise Reviews. 112 earthquakes in the past 365 days. How the CRBF might run north of Seattle (specifically, north of the OWL, which Seattle straddles) is unknown, and even questioned, as there is no direct evidence of such a fault. [109] It extends as far east as (and probably terminates at) the Rattlesnake Mountain Fault Zone (RMFZ; the southern extension of the SWIF) near Fall City. Although the largely unstudied White River Fault (WRF) appears to lie just outside the Puget Lowland, it may actually connect under the Muckleshoot Basin to the East Passage Zone and the Tacoma Fault (map). The Puget Sound region is not just potentially seismic, it is actively seismic. Both the SPF and UPF are said to be oblique-slip transpressional; that is, the faults show both horizontal and vertical slip as the crustal blocks are pressed together. [183] While the towns of Centralia and Chehalis in rural Lewis County may seem distant (about 25 miles) from Puget Sound, this is still part of the Puget Lowland, and these faults, the local geology, and the underlying tectonic basement seem to be connected with that immediately adjacent to Puget Sound. Of great interest here is that both the northern lobe of the SWCC and the Carbon River anticline are aligned towards Tiger Mountain (an uplifted block of the Puget Group of sedimentary and volcanic deposits typical of the Puget Lowland) and the adjacent Raging River anticline (see map). I've been in the business for 20 years and the way skilled labor has been treated up until very recently drove a ton of people away from the industry. Rainier is offset because the faults are deep and the conduits do not rise quite vertically.) The Seattle uplift, and possibly the Black Hills uplift, consist of Crescent Formation basalt that was exposed when it was forced up a ramp of some kind. This map shows areas of seismic risk from high (red) to low (grayish-green). [58], Paleoseismological studies of the SWIF are scant. The Doty Fault/Chehalis Basin sequence follows the cross-section X-X' shown on the, The long-range mapping plan area and current status of planned mapping can be seen at, For the County's interpretation of the geological hazard and anticipated impacts of a major earthquake, see the, Interstate 5 runs nearly due north from Everett to Mount Vernon, except for a stretch southeast of Conway that parallels one of these low-amplitude folds. According to the preeminent model, the "Puget Lowland thrust sheet hypothesis",[26] these faults, etc., occur within a sheet of crust about 14 to 20km deep that has separated from and is being thrust over deeper crustal blocks. If, as this model suggests, the various faults are interconnected within the thrust sheet, there is a possibility that one earthquake could trigger others. [118], Studies of the Seattle Fault west of Bremerton have revealed a complexity of geological structure and faulting. However, an enormous threat lurks just off the coast of the Pacific Northwest. It has been speculated that the OS might connect with the seismically active Saint Helens Zone (discussed below), which would imply that the OS is both locked and being stressed, raising the possibility of a major earthquake. Discovery of faults has been greatly facilitated with the development of LIDAR, a technique that can generally penetrate forest canopy and vegetation to image the actual ground surface with an unprecedented accuracy of approximately one foot (30cm). But their significance to the Puget Sound area is unknown. And though the faults in this area are not notably seismogenic, the southeast striking faults seem to be en echelon with the Olympia structure (fault? (Enter only one word per blank.) 6) Click "Plot" Draw. NW-striking black lines are right-lateral bedrock faults thought to be subsidiary to Dar- rington-Devils Mountain fault zone (Dragovich and DeOme, 2006). [47], To the southeast the SWIF passes through Admiralty Inlet (past Port Townsend) and across the southern part of Whidbey Island, crossing to the mainland between Mukilteo and Edmonds. For the following reviews the primary source of information is the U.S. Geological Survey's Quaternary fault and fold database (QFFDB), which includes details of discovery, a technical description, and bibliography for each fault; a specific link is provided (where available) at the end of each section. [178] Alternately, the OS appears to coincide with a gravitational boundary in the upper crust that has been mapped striking southeast to The Dalles on the Columbia River,[179] where there is a swarm of similarly striking faults. The Seattle Fault is a zone of complex thrust and reverse faults between lines E and F on the map up to 7km wide and over 70km long that delineates the north edge of the Seattle Uplift. Tobin says offshore faults tend to cause bigger earthquakes and are a larger tsunami risk. [74], Early Eocene igneous units in the area appear to be part of a 49- to 44- Ma magmatic belt that appeared just after the arrival of Siletzia, and possibly associated with that event. Black lines show the South Whidbey Island Fault Zone, the . fault Which of the following statements best describes elastic-rebound theory? [197] This anticline, or uplifted fold, and the narrower width of the northern part of the SWCC, reflects an episode of compression of this formation. Since 2000 studies of LIDAR and high-resolution aeromagnetic data have identified scarps near Woodinville which trenching has confirmed to be tectonically derived and geologically recent. Plot. The QFFDB, citing lack of consensus, ignores the eastern part. Based on this and geophysical anomalies it was inferred that there is a major, active strike-slip fault zone running from the south end of Hood Canal, up Dabob Bay, and continuing north on land. This is the Puget Lowland. [52], Subsequent mapping shows the SWIF wrapping around the eastern end of the Seattle Basin to merge with the Rattlesnake Mountain Fault Zone (RMFZ); the RMFZ, despite the approximately 15 bend and different context, is now believed to be the southern extension of the SWIF. Rainier, along the DDMFZ, and under Puget Sound between Olympia and approximately the Southern Whidbey Island Fault. The Seattle fault zone is where the forward edge of the slab, coming to the top of the ramp, breaks and slips into the Seattle Basin. [78] It is projected to extend past Lake Chaplain, and perhaps to the east end of Mount Pilchuck. This map of Puget Sound shows the location of the methane plumes (yellow and white circles) detected along the ship's path (purple). There is a general pattern where most of these faults partition a series of basins and uplifts, each about 20km wide. It appears that the Seattle Uplift is acting as a rigid block, with the Tacoma, Dewatto, and Seattle faults being the southern, western, and northern faces. [96] As the juxtaposition of various disparate tectonic structures in northwest Washington requires significant strike-slip movement, it is further expected that this contact will be a major fault.[97]. However, the SWCC is relatively shallow (no more than 15 km deep), and likely is draped over pre-Tertiary bedrock. The most striking concentrations of mid-crustal seismicity in western Washington outside of Puget Sound are the Saint Helens Zone (SHZ) and Western Rainier Zone (WRZ) at the southern edge of the Puget Lowland (see seismicity map, right). Part of the Snohomish River Delta between Everett and Marysville could get nearly 6 feet, and Seattle's Harbor Island could be inundated with nearly 4 feet of water. A Seattle Fault quake could be as large as M7.5,160 but less than M7.0 is more probable. Especially as seismic reflection data[135] shows some faulting continuing east across Vashon Island and the East Passage of Puget Sound (the East Passage Zone, EPZ) towards Federal Way and an east-striking anticline. Geologic map of northwestern Washington (GM-50). The true length of the UPF is likely twice as long, as it forms the southern margin of an aeromagnetic high that extends another 25km to the southeast. North Olympic Peninsula VA Clinic at VA Puget Sound health care, 360-565-7420. Over 7,000 people are dead after a magnitude 7.8 earthquake shook southern Turkey, near the Turkish-Syrian border.
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